ex-liberal

About Downloading Linux and Its Copyrights!

2010-05-26T06:02:00.000-07:00

Linux, together with a set of GNU programs, is an operating system. That is, Linux is not a single program or a suite of tools. Most "versions" of Linux, known as "distributions", are available to download free of charge. However, there are some things you should know about downloading and installing Linux:

First, you don't have to actually install Linux in your hard disk to use the Linux operating system. There exist several "versions" of Linux that can be downloaded and burned to a CD. These variants of the Linux operating system, known as "Live CD" versions, will boot Linux directly from the CD on systems that are capable of doing this. (most PCs manufactured in the last 7 to 8 years will allow this). Memory requirements vary, so please consult our list of Live CD distributions on our distributions page (choose the option 'Live CD' from the 'Category' menu). There are several popular Live CD distributions, such as MEPIS, Knoppix and Slax. Most major Linux distributors (SUSE, Mandriva, Ubuntu) also offer Live CD versions of their products.

If you're interested in running Linux indefinitely or permanently, you can also download versions designed to be installed on your hard disk. Here is some information you should know.

You should have a high-speed Internet connection (T3, T1, xDSL, cable modem). Trying to download a major vendor's version of Linux will most likely be a frustrating experience with a dial-up modem connection.
You'll need the ISO images or a DVD image for the distribution you want to download which you must then copy or "burn" into a CD or DVD.
If you already run another operating system, you must re-partition your hard disk in order to install a "standard" Linux distribution.
When you download Linux from the Internet. You are not entitled to that particular distributor's technical support. You will have to look for the documentation that you need in order to resolve any problems you might run into or seek appropriate help on websites or in other Internet forums.

In other words, if you don't have a high-speed connection to Internet or a drive that writes to blank CDs or DVDs, then downloading is probably not the best way for you to get a full-featured Linux distribution. You can, though, depending on your location, get Linux free in magazines or from retailers that will sell you a distribution on one or more CDs at very low cost. Distributions obtained in this way do not usually include documentation or support. There are also many books that include a Linux distribution.

If you don't know how to partition a hard disk or you have very little experience with installing and maintaining an operating system, you can still install Linux fairly easily by purchasing a boxed set. In this case, the cost of Linux system increases, but on the other hand, you will be provided full documentation, step by step installation instructions and in many cases free technical support for up to 90 days by phone or e-mail.

If you're still not quite sure you want to make the leap to Linux, you may want to at least get a feel for how it looks. This can be as simple as using your favorite Internet browser. The Coding Studio has a screenshot gallery that will give you an idea of the look and feel of many Linux distributions. This can be helpful when choosing which version of Linux is right for you.

Regardless of the way in which you obtain a Linux distribution, we at Linux Online feel that switching to Linux will be a positive experience. You will see your knowledge of computing increase at the same time as your productivity. You will be able to do much more with your computer and at a fraction of the cost of proprietary operating systems.

For more information Go to www.linux.org

McAfee says "sorry" for crashing 1000's of XP machines!

2010-04-23T00:16:00.000-07:00

McAfee has issued an official apology for inadvertently crashing thousands of corporate Windows XP machines with a defective virus definition file (5958) that deleted the critical svchost.exe.

"In our ongoing efforts to protect our customers from a seemingly endlessly multiplying variety and volume of attacks, we released a update file that clearly did more harm than good...We created negative and unintended consequences for some very important people," acknowledged an appropriately red-faced executive VP Barry McPherson.

"[Yes], mistakes happen. No excuses. The nearly 7,000 employees of McAfee are focused right now on two things, in this order. First, help our customers who have been affected by this issue get back to business as usual. And second, once that is done, make sure we put the processes in place so this never happens again."

Meanwhile, Byron Acohido of USA Today noted that each of the affected computers will have to be manually cleaned, with at least 30 minutes of manual labor allocated per PC.

"There's no way to automate the process," Amrit Williams, CTO of security management system company Big Fix, told USA Today.

"It will take however long it takes to touch each single machine. The companies affected by this could be dealing with this for days or weeks."

Last chance for high school students to enrol for free fashion design course

2009-02-25T05:18:00.001-08:00

Budding Gold Coast fashion designers still have a few days to enrol for a unique six week fashion design program, specially tailored for high school students.

They will be mentored by some of the best lecturers from the Coast’s various fashion institutes.

The program will take place once a week between 4 and 6 pm.

It will begin on Wednesday 18 February at the Fashion Incubator, located on the corner of Lake Orr drive and Bermuda Street, Varsity lakes.

Students will take part in a program which will provide them with a range of technical and hands-on experience through various stages of the design process, including a sketching workshop.

At the end of the program the students’ sketches will be judged and the six finalists will receive an introductory fashion design course at the Gold Coast fashion institute of their choice.

Successful college student

2009-01-22T05:04:00.000-08:00

All over life people are faced with a variety of hurdles. Let us try to know How they choose to overcome these hurdles determines whether they become successful or not, it would be nice if there was an instruction manual to tell one how to be successful, how to overcome these hurdles. Among the most difficult hurdles facing people today is college. For Often times people go into college with their eyes closed tightly, meaning they are totally unprepared for what lye’s ahead. There may be a variety of aspects that determine whether students are successful in college. To meet the basic requirements to enter college, selecting the right courses, learning how to study on the college level, and managing time are all key factors in becoming a successful college student.

And for the enrolment in college, one must first meet the basic requirements of that institution. The requirements for some colleges are more difficult than others. To become a successful student in college, one must choose a college in which they meet the basic requirements. For the most all academically based colleges, a basic requirement is a high school diploma or G.E.D. Some of the colleges base acceptance on the student’s high school grade point average. The colleges with difficult admission requirements are looking not only for the meritorious and intelligent students.
More often, student feels that there just are not enough hours in a day. Often in the time the counselors can send students in the right direction for achieving their goals, as well as helping them to select courses to go along with their intended major.

College courses may require more effort and studying than high school.
When a student is accepted into a college, one of the most difficult decisions is ahead, course selection. BY having a talk with a counselor at this point is extremely helpful for a student. The above are just four examples of the various skills it takes to become successful. And also many classes require several hours per day of studying. Various classes require different methods of studying. The languages English requires writing essays and elaborate reading. Now he or she may faces with choosing his or her major. It all depends upon the students’ interest.

Hardware

2008-12-11T04:52:00.000-08:00

Hardware is a general term that refers to the physical artifacts of a technology. It may also mean the physical components of a computer system.

Hardware historically meant the metal parts and fittings that were used to make wooden products stronger, more functional, longer lasting and easier to fabricate or assemble. In modern usage it includes equipment such as keys, locks, hinges, latches, corners, handles, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal. In the United States, this type of hardware has been traditionally sold in hardware stores, a term also used to a lesser extent in the UK.

In the electronics and especially computer industries, computer hardware specifically means the physical or tangible parts of the equipment, such as circuit boards, keyboards, monitors etc., in contrast to non-physical software running on the computer or other device.

In a more colloquial sense, hardware can refer to major items of military equipment, such as tanks, aircraft or ships.

Earth

2008-10-13T06:04:00.001-07:00

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.

The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field

Shipping

2008-09-11T19:02:00.001-07:00

Shipping is basic method of transporting goods and cargo. Virtually every product ever made, bought, or sold has been exaggerated by shipping. Despite the lots of variables in shipped products and locations, there are only three basic types of shipments, land, air, and sea.

Land or ground shipping can be either by train or by automobile. Trucking is easily the most accepted form of shipping. Even in Air and Sea shipments, ground transportation is still required to take the product from its origin to the airport or seaport and then to its purpose. Ground transportation is typically more affordable than air shipments, but more costly than shipping by sea. Trucks are also much quicker than ships and rail but slower than planes.

Ground shipping can be cheaper and less limiting to size, quantity, weight, and type of freight than by air transport. Air transport is usually held in reserve for products which must be sent within a shorter time frame. Shipping can more generally refer to the transport of freight, self-determining of the mode of transport.

Gear

2008-07-21T05:48:00.001-07:00

A gear is a wheel with teeth around its circumference, the purpose of the teeth being to mesh with similar teeth on another mechanical device possibly another gear wheel so that force can be transmitted between the two strategies in a direction tangential to their surfaces. A non-toothed wheel can transmit some tangential force but will slip if the force is large; teeth put off slippage and permit the transmission of large forces.

A gear can mesh with any device having teeth friendly with the gear's teeth. Such devices include racks and other non-rotating policy; however, the most common condition is for a gear to be in mesh with another gear. In this case revolution of one of the gears necessarily causes the other gear to rotate. In this way, rotational motion can be transferred from one position to another. While gears are sometimes used simply for this reason to transmit rotation to another shaft perhaps their most significant feature is that, if the gears are of asymmetrical sizes, a mechanical advantage is also achieved, so that the rotational speed, and torque, of the second gear are dissimilar from that of the first. In this way, gears provide a means of increasing or decreasing a turning speed, or a torque.

Historical perspective

2008-05-29T07:30:00.000-07:00

Based on the available evidence, scientists have reconstructed detailed information about the planet's past. Earth is estimated to have formed approximately 4.55 billion years ago out of the solar nebula, along with the Sun and other planets. The moon formed relatively soon afterwards.

Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgas sing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans. The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.

Continents formed, then broke up and re-formed as the surface of Earth reshaped itself over the course of hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a super continent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known super continent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.

Education

2008-05-13T09:47:00.001-07:00

Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation. Education mean 'to draw out', are facilitating realization of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.

The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than doe’s formal schooling. Family members may have a profound educational effect often more profound than they realize though family teaching may function very informally.

Coconut

2008-04-17T08:29:00.001-07:00

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many cooking and non-culinary uses, virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.The flowers of the coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the similar inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female plants producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid.

Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield, it therefore has important economic value. The name for the coconut palm in Sanskrit is kalpa vriksha, which translates as the tree which provides all the requirements of life. In Malay, the coconut is known as pokok seribu guna, the tree of a thousand uses. In the Philippines, the coconut is generally given the title Tree of Life. The white, fleshy part of the seed is safe to eat and used fresh or dried in cooking.

Ethanol

2008-03-13T08:03:00.001-07:00

Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a combustible, colorless chemical complex, and is best known as the alcohol found in thermometers and alcoholic beverages. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol. It is a straight-chain alcohol and its molecular formula is variously represented as EtOH, CH3CH2OH, C2H5OH or as its experimental formula C2H6O.

After the use of fire, fermentation of sugar into ethanol is perhaps the initial organic reaction known to kindness, and the invigorating effects of ethanol expenditure have been known since ancient times. In modern times ethanol intended for industrial use has also been produced from byproducts of petroleum refining.

Ethanol has prevalent use as a solvent for substances intended for human contact or expenditure, including scents, flavorings, colourings, and medicines. In chemistry it is both an indispensable solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. Ethanol has a long history as a fuel, including as a fuel for internal incineration engines.

God

2008-03-10T08:07:00.001-07:00

God most commonly refers to the divinity worshiped by followers of monotheistic and monolatrist religions, whom they believe to be the creator and boss of the universe.

Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the various conceptions of God. The most common among these include omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, omnibenevolence, divine simplicity, covetousness, and eternal and necessary subsistence. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Augustine of Hippo, Al-Ghazali, and Maimonides. Many notable medieval philosophers developed arguments for the subsistence of God, attempting to wrestle with the perceptible contradictions implied by many of these attributes. Philosophers have developed many arguments for and against the subsistence of God.

Eiffel Tower

2008-02-19T08:41:00.000-08:00

The structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons. Depending on the ambient warmth the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal growth of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 in) in the wind.

The first and second levels are reachable by stairs and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to use the stairs which begin at that position. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only reachable by lift. Once you are on the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to climb or descend apart from of whether you have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level 15 more steps exist to ascend to the upper inspection platform. The step count is printed sporadically on the side of the stairs to give an suggestion of progress. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly lower than and around the tower except during brief stretches of the stairway that are enclosed.
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform exterior to an observer on the ground, three separate tones of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest tone on the bottom, and the lightest at the top. On occurrence the colour of the paint is changed — the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a ballot for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.

A diesel engine

2008-02-11T04:03:00.000-08:00

In mechanical terms, the inside construction of a diesel engine is similar to its gasoline counterpart—components such as pistons, connecting rods and a crankshaft are current in both. Like a gasoline engine, a diesel engine may operate on a four-stroke cycle, or a two-stroke cycle, although with significant discrepancy to the gasoline comparable. In both cases, the principal differences lie in the handling of air and fuel, and the method of detonation.

A diesel engine relies upon density detonation to burn its fuel, instead of the spark plug used in a gasoline engine. If air is compressed to a high degree, its temperature will amplify to a point where fuel will burn upon contact. This principle is used in both four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines to produce power.

Unlike a gasoline engine, which draws an air/fuel mixture into the cylinder during the ingestion stroke, the diesel aspirates air alone. Following ingestion, the cylinder is sealed and the air charge is highly compressed to heat it to the temperature required for ignition. Whereas a gasoline engine's compression ratio is rarely greater than 11:1 to avoid damaging preignition, a diesel's compression ratio is usually between 16:1 and 25:1. This extremely high level of compression causes the air temperature to increase to 700 to 900 degrees Celsius. If a piece of steel were to be heated to that level it would glow cherry red.

As the piston approaches top dead center, coal oil is injected into the cylinder at high pressure, causing the fuel charge to be atomized. Remaining to the high air temperature in the cylinder, detonation instantly occurs, causing a rapid and considerable increase in cylinder temperature and pressure. The piston is driven downward with great force, pushing on the connecting rod and turning the crankshaft.

When the piston nears bottom dead center the spent ignition gases are excluded from the cylinder to prepare for the next cycle. In many cases, the exhaust gases will be used to drive a turbocharger, which will increase the volume of the intake air charge, resulting in cleaner ignition and greater competence.

William Shakespeare

2008-01-30T07:13:00.000-08:00

William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living words and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of the playing company the Lord Chamberlain's Men, afterward known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable assumption about such matters as his sexuality, holy beliefs, and whether the works credited to him were written by others.

Shakespeare shaped most of his known work between 1590 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of erudition and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. Next he wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during his lifetime, and in 1623, two of his former affected colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.

Space Shuttle

2008-01-19T02:10:00.000-08:00

NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States government's present manned launch vehicle. At launch, it consists of a rust-colored outer tank, two white, slender solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and a winged orbiter. The orbiter carries astronauts and payload such as satellites or space location parts into low earth orbit. Normally, five to seven astronauts ride in the orbiter, with two pilots, eight have been carried, and eleven could be accommodated in an urgent situation landing. When the orbiter's work is complete, it fires its orbital maneuvering thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. During the descent and landing, the shuttle orbiter acts as a glider and makes a completely unpowered landing. Five spaceworthy orbiters were build, of which three remain.

The Shuttle is the first orbital spacecraft considered for partial reusability. It carries large payloads to various orbits, provides crew rotary motion for the International Space Station (ISS), and performs servicing missions. The orbiter can also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth, but this capability has not been used often. However, it has been used to return large payloads from the ISS to Earth, as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft has limited capacity for return payloads. Each Shuttle was designed for a expected lifespan of 100 launches or 10 years' operational life.

Music

2007-12-29T06:26:00.000-08:00

Music is an art form consisting of sound and silence expressed through time. Elements of sound as used in music are pitch, rhythm and sonic qualities of timbre, articulation, dynamics, and texture.

The creation, performance, significance and even the definition of music, varies according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions and performances to improvisational or aleatoric forms. For purposes of discussion and exploration of the topic, music is divided into genres and sub-genres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often unclear and/or controversial. Within "the arts", music can be classified as a performing art, a fine art, or an auditory art form.

Music may also involve generative forms in time through the construction of patterns and combinations of natural stimuli, principally sound. Music may be used for artistic or aesthetic, communicative, entertainment, ceremonial or religious purposes and by many composers purely as an academic instrument for study.

Beach volleyball

2007-12-19T08:51:00.001-08:00

Beach volleyball is an Olympic group sport played on sand. Two teams, positioned on either side of a net which divides rectangular court, hit volleyball, usually using the hands or arms.

It is evolved from indoor volleyball, and the two sports remain very similar: a team scores points by foundation the ball on the opponents' court, or when the opposing team commits a fault teams can contact the ball no more than three times before the ball crosses the net; and consecutive contacts must be made by unlike players. The most important differences between beach and indoor volleyball are the playing surface, and the team size. There are many minor differences as well, including each half of the court actions 8 by 8 meters.

If a jamming player touches the ball, but it continues onto his side of the net, the block counts as the first contact. Open-hand dinks, where a player uses his or her finger tips to redirect the ball into the opponent's court, are banned. It is legal to cross under the net as long as doing so does not hamper with the opponents' attempt to play the ball. Players are not necessary to rotate positions; they must alternate check, but there are no rotation errors.

Earth

2007-12-13T08:31:00.000-08:00

Resistance

2007-11-27T06:42:00.000-08:00

Electrical resistance is a compute of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance calculated in siemens. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction.

The resistance of an object determines the amount of current through the object for a known voltage across the object I=V/R, where R is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms, equivalent to J•s/C2, V is the voltage across the object, measured in volts, I is the current through the object, measured in amperes. In metals, the Fermi level lies in the conduction band giving rise to free transfer electrons. However, in semiconductors the position of the fermi level is within the band gap, closely half way between the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum for intrinsic semiconductors.

Journalism Basics

2007-11-19T06:12:00.000-08:00

Journalism is a concrete, professionally oriented major that involves gathering, interpreting, distilling, and other reporting information to the general audiences through a variety of media means. Journalism majors learn about every possible kind of Journalism.

That's not all, though. In addition to dedicated training in writing, editing, and reporting, Journalism wants a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. You'll more than likely be required to take up a broad range of courses that runs the range from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. There would also be a lot of haughty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility too - and you'll be tested on it. To top it all off, you'll perhaps work on the university newspaper or radio station, or possibly complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate.

Rose perfumes

2007-10-26T09:17:00.000-07:00

Rose perfumes are prepared from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a combination of volatile essential oils, obtained by steam-distilling the trampled petals of roses. The method originated in Persia then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazan in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is yearly washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to differentiate it from watery versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about 2,000 flowers are necessary to produce one gram of oil.

Trams

2007-10-15T03:28:00.000-07:00

Electric-powered trams were first successfully experienced in service in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888, in the Richmond Union Passenger Railway built by Frank J. Sprague. There were earlier saleable installations of electric streetcars, including one in Berlin, as early as 1881 by Werner von Siemens and the company that still bears his name, and also one in Saint Petersburg, Russia, made-up and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky in 1880. Another was by John Joseph Wright, brother of the celebrated mining entrepreneur Whitaker Wright, in Toronto in 1883.
The earlier installations, however, proved difficult and/or variable. Siemens' line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a model train setup, limiting the voltage that could be used, and providing unwanted stimulation to people and animals crossing the tracks. Siemens later planned his own method of current collection, this time from an overhead wire, called the bow collector. Once this had been developed his cars became equal to, if not superior than, any of Sprague's cars. The first electric interurban line connecting St. Catherine’s and Thorold, Ontario was operated in 1887, and was measured quite successful at the time. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it still required horse-drawn carry while hiking the Niagara Escarpment and for two months of the winter when hydroelectricity was not available. This line continuous service in its original form well into the 1950s.

Hobbies

2007-10-09T06:16:00.001-07:00

A hobby-horse was a wood or wickerwork toy made to be ride just like the actual hobby. From this game the appearance to ride one's hobby-horse, meaning to follow a favourite pastime, and in turn, hobby in the modern sense of recreation.Hobbies are practised for interest and satisfaction, rather than financial reward. Examples include collecting, creative and artistic pursuits, building, tinkering, sports and adult education. Engaging in a hobby can lead to acquiring significant skill, knowledge, and experience.
However, personal realization is the aim.What are hobbies for some people are professions for others, a game tester may enjoy cooking as a hobby, while a qualified cheif might enjoy playing computer games. Generally speaking, the person who does something for fun, not remuneration, is called an recreational as distinct from a professional.An important determinant of what is considered a hobby, as individual from a profession is probably.

Indicator

2007-09-19T07:54:00.001-07:00

Dial indicators are instruments used to correctly measure a small distance. They may also be known as a Dial gauge, Dial Test Indicator, or as a clock. They are named so because the measurement results are displayed in a overstated way by means of a dial. They may be used to check the dissimilarity in tolerance during the check process of a machined part, measure the deflection of a beam or ring under laboratory conditions, as well as many other situations where a small measurement needs to be registered or indicated.
An economic indicator is a statistic concerning the economy. The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signaling procedure mounted or integrated to the front, sides and rear of the vehicle. The purpose of this system is to present illumination for the driver to operate the vehicle safely after dark, to increase the visibility of the vehicle, and to display information about the vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and driver's intentions concerning direction and speed of travel.

Beach volleyball

2007-09-04T09:48:00.001-07:00

Beach volleyball is an Olympic group sport played on sand. Two teams, positioned on either side of a net which divides rectangular court, hit volleyball, usually using the hands or arms.
It is evolved from indoor volleyball, and the two sports remain very similar: a team scores points by foundation the ball on the opponents' court, or when the opposing team commits a fault teams can contact the ball no more than three times before the ball crosses the net; and consecutive contacts must be made by unlike players. The most important differences between beach and indoor volleyball are the playing surface, and the team size. There are many minor differences as well, including each half of the court actions 8 by 8 meters.
If a jamming player touches the ball, but it continues onto his side of the net, the block counts as the first contact. Open-hand dinks, where a player uses his or her finger tips to redirect the ball into the opponent's court, are banned. It is legal to cross under the net as long as doing so does not hamper with the opponents' attempt to play the ball. Players are not necessary to rotate positions; they must alternate check, but there are no rotation errors.

Papaya

2007-08-23T09:58:00.001-07:00

The papaya is a fruit of the tree. It is a small tree, the single stem growing from 5 to 10 m tall, with spirally set leaves confined to the top of the trunk, the lower trunk is obviously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50-70 cm width, deeply palmately lobed with 7 lobes. The tree is typically unbranched if unlopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria but are much slighter and wax like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into the large 15-45 cm long and 10-30 cm diameter fruit. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft and its skin has attained amber to orange hue. The fruit's taste is vaguely similar to pineapple and peach, although much milder without the tartness, creamier, and more fragrant, with a texture of a little over-ripened cantaloupe.
The primary use of the papaya is as an safe to eat fruit. The ripe fruit is generally eaten raw, without the skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit of papaya can be eaten ripe, usually in curries, salads and stews.

Energy meter

2007-08-16T05:00:00.001-07:00

An electric meter or energy meter is a machine that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to a residence or business. These are customers of an electric company.
The most common type is more accurately known as a (kilo) watt-hour meter or a joule meter. They may also record other variables including the time, when the electricity was used. Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give direct electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc). The meters fall into two essential categories, electromechanical and electronic. The type of meter described commonly used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase of meter configurations use additional voltage and current coils. The most general type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction meter.

The result in cricket

2007-08-06T06:27:00.000-07:00

If the team that bats last has all of its batsmen dismissed before it can reach the run total of the differing team, it is said to have lost by (n) runs. If however, the team that bats last exceeds the opposing team's run total before its batsmen are dismissed, it is said to have win by (n) wickets, where (n) is the difference between the number of wickets conceded and 10.If, in a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total fails to reach its opponent's first innings total, there is no need for the opposing team to bat again and it is said to have won by an innings and (n) runs, where (n) is the variation between the two teams' totals.

If all the batsmen of the team batting last are dismissed with the scores closely equal then the match is a tie; ties are very rare in matches of two innings a side. In the traditional form of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is a draw. If the match has only a single innings per side, then a highest number of deliveries for each innings is frequently imposed. Such a match is called a limited overs or one-day match, and the side scoring more runs wins anyway of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur. If this kind of match is temporarily intermittent by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula known as the Duckworth-Lewis method is often used to recalculate a new target score. A one-day match can be declared a No-Result if fewer than a up to that time agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal recommencement of play impossible.

Tiger

2007-07-26T06:32:00.001-07:00

The tiger is a mammal of the Felidae family, one of four large cats in the Panther a genus. Native to the mainland of southeastern Asia, the tiger is an apex predator and the largest feline species in the world, similar in size to the biggest fossil felids. The Bengal Tiger is the most general subspecies of tiger, constituting approximately 80% of the entire tiger population, and is found in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Nepal. An endangered species, the popular of the world's tigers now live in captivity.

The tiger is introverted and territorial, preferring cover in deep forest, but also ranging in open areas. The cat hunts by stalk-and-ambush and may take a variety of mid- and large-sized prey, particularly ungulates. Males are much larger than females and have bigger home ranges. Amongst the nine extant tiger subspecies, there is major size variation.

Bond

2007-07-20T06:46:00.001-07:00

In finance, a bond is a debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is grateful to repay the principal and interest at a later date, termed maturity. Other conditions may also be attached to the bond issue, such as the obligation for the issuer to provide certain information to the bond holder, or limitations on the behavior of the issuer. Bonds are generally issued for a permanent term longer than ten years. U.S Treasury securities issue debt with life of ten years. New debt between one year and ten years is a note, and new debit less than a year is a bill.

A bond is simply a loan, but in the form of a security, although expressions used is rather different. The issuer is equivalent to the borrower, the bond holder to the lender, and the voucher to the interest. Bonds enable the issuer to finance long-term investments with external funds. Certificates of deposit (CDs) or commercial paper are measured money market instruments.

Social network

2007-07-16T02:47:00.001-07:00

A social network is a social structure made of nodes that are tied by one or more specific types of relatives, such as values, visions, idea, financial exchange, friends, kinship, dislike, trade, web links, sexual relations, disease communication or airline routes.Social network analysis views common relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the associations between the actors. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a serious role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals.

In its simplest form, a social network is a map of all of the appropriate ties between the nodes being studied. The network can also be used to decide the social capital of individual actors. These concepts are often displayed in a shared network diagram, where nodes are the points and ties are the lines.

Electron

2007-07-10T04:26:00.001-07:00

In relativistic quantum mechanics, the electron is described by the direct Equation which defines the electron as a point. In quantum field theory, the activities of the electron are described by quantum electrodynamics, a gauge theory. In Dirac's model, an electron is defined to be a mathematical point, a point-like, exciting bare particle surrounded by a sea of interacting pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles. The extraordinarily precise agreement of this forecast with the experimentally resolute value is viewed as one of the great achievements of modern physics.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the electron is the first-generation stimulating lepton. It forms a weak isospin doublet with the electron neutrino, these two particles cooperate with each other through both the charged and neutral current weak interaction. The electron is very similar to the two more massive particles of higher generations, the muon and the tau lepton, which are identical in charge, spin, and interface but differ in mass.

Languages

2007-06-29T03:06:00.000-07:00

Languages that exist only in the spoken form, such as those of many of the Native American Indian tribes, require the use of audio recording campaign such as a digital audio recorder or a tape recorder, augmented by explanatory text written in other languages, for preservation. Recently, efforts have been made to create symbol sets and grammars for such languages to avoid further losses of historically valuable information. Conversely, there are numerous extinct languages which persist only in their printed form. In some cases, experts can only guess at what their spoken form really sounded like. To prevent further losses of this nature, modern linguists have developed supersets of symbols for the purpose of correctly recording the authentic sounds of known languages.

While the superset symbols, which normally encode phonemes and their allophones, could record continuous discussion with nearly flawless accuracy, it would be tedious and unnecessary to record huge volumes of speech in this manner. That said there is a practical application for it, fine tuning of the programming for text-to-speech synthesizers to give computers a voice that sounds extremely human. Where a synthesizer stumbles on a given word, an entry can be added to an omission dictionary, wherein its definition consists of the word respelled in phonemes and allophones.

Voltage

2007-06-25T02:46:00.000-07:00

Voltage is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, uttered in volts. It measures the potential energy of an electric field to source an electric current in an electrical conductor. Depending on the difference of electrical potential it is called extra low voltage, low voltage, high voltage or extra high voltage.

Between two points in an electric field, such as exists in an electrical circuit, the distinction in their electrical potentials is known as the electrical potential difference. This difference is proportional to the electrostatic force that tends to drive electrons or other charge-carriers from one point to the other. Potential difference, electrical potential, and electromotive force are measured in volts, leading to the commonly used term voltage. Voltage is usually represented in equations by the symbols V, U, or E.

Electrical potential difference can be thought of as the capacity to move electrical charge through a resistance. At a time in physics when the word force was used loosely, the potential difference was named the electromotive force or EMF—a term which is still used in confident contexts.

Hamlet

2007-06-13T08:57:00.000-07:00

Prince of Denmark is a calamity by William Shakespeare. It is one of his best-known works, and also one of the most-quoted writings in the English words. Hamlet has been called Shakespeare's greatest playand it is commonly included on lists of the world's greatest books. It is also one of the most popular of Shakespeare's plays, judging by the figure of productions. Hamlet is a tragedy of the retribution genre, in which the title character, and two other characters as well, seek retribution for their fathers' deaths. It incorporate other major human themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness.
Hamlet begins with Francisco on watch task at Elsinore Castle, on a cold, shady night, at midnight. Barnardo approaches Francisco to relieve him on duty, but is not capable to recognize his friend at first in the darkness. The darkness and the mystery, of the set an worrying tone to start the play.

Creditor

2007-05-16T04:36:00.001-07:00

A creditor is a party who claims that a second party owes the first party some properties or services. The first party, in common, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption that the second party will return an equal property or service. The first party is regularly called a lender, and the second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower.

In other words, your creditors are people to whom you owe money. The term creditor is commonly used in the financial world, particularly in orientation to short term loans, long term bonds, and mortgages. The term creditor derived from the concept of credit. In modern America, credit refers to a rating which indicates the ability of a borrower and likelihood to pay back his or her loan. In earlier times, credit also referred to reputation or trustworthiness.

Earthworm

2006-12-06T10:17:00.000-08:00

Earthworm is the ordinary name for the larger members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. In classical systems they were located in the order Opisthopora, on the basis of the male pores opening to the exterior of body posterior to the female pores, even though the male segments are anterior to the female. Cladistic studies have supported placing them instead in the suborder Lumbricina of the arrange Haplotaxida. Folk names for earthworm include "dew-worm", "night crawler" and "angleworm". Earthworms are also called megadriles (or big worms), as divergent to the microdriles, which include the families Tubificidae, Lumbriculidae, and Enchytraeidae, among others. The megadriles are characterized by having a multilayered clitellum (which is much clearer than the single-layered one of the microdriles), a vascular system with true capillaries, and male pores behind the female pores.

There are over 5,500 named classes known worldwide, existing everywhere but Polar and arid climates. They choice in size from two centimeters (less than one inch) to over three meters (almost ten feet) in the Giant Gippsland Earthworm. Amongst the main earthworm species usually found in temperate regions are the reddish colored, deep-burrowing Lumbricus terrestris.

In temperate zone areas, the most usually seen earthworms are lumbricids (Lumbricidae), mostly due to the recent rapid spread of a fairly small number of European species, but there are numerous other families, e.g. Megascolecidae, Octochaetidae, Sparganophilidae, Glossoscolecidae, etc.. These other families are often differing from the lumbricids in behavior, physiology and habitat.

Buzzard

2006-11-22T18:14:00.000-08:00

A buzzard is one of some large birds, but there are a number of meanings as detailed below.

In the Old World
Buzzard can mean:

One of several medium-sized, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings.
In exacting, those in the genus Buteo. In the Old World, members of this genus are named as "buzzards", but "hawk" is more general in North America.
Specifically, in Europe, the general Buzzard, Buteo, where Buzzard is often used as a synonym.
Any raptor which has the word buzzard as division of its name.

In the New World
Buzzard can mean:

A vulture, mainly the American Black Vulture and Turkey Vulture, or as a general term for vultures and condors.
In parts of the United States where they are considered pest, particularly in rural areas, a derogatory term for certain birds of prey, such as the Chicken hawk (a common colloquial name referring to both the Red-tailed Hawk and the Cooper's Hawk), or the Duck hawk (known elsewhere as the Peregrine Falcon). In the U.S., the term "buzzard" is never used to refer to birds of prey, like hawks, eagles, falcons, and owls, exterior of this context.
Rarely, a derogatory term for any large bird that happens to be a scavenger, such as a raven or albatross (in other words, any large bird that is neither predatory nor flightless).
The Old World and New World uses are approximately antonyms.

The Black market

2006-11-12T21:35:00.000-08:00

The Black market or underground market is the part of economic activity involving illegal dealings, typically the buying and selling of merchandise or services illegally. The goods themselves may be illegal to sell ; the merchandise may be stolen; or the merchandise may be otherwise legal goods sold illicitly to avoid tax payments or licensing requirements, such as cigarettes or unregistered firearms. It is so called because "black economy" or "black market" affairs are conducted outside the law, and so are necessarily conducted "in the dark", out of the sight of the law.

Black markets develop when the state places restrictions on the production or provision of goods and services. These markets prosper, then, when state restrictions are heavy, such as during a period of prohibition, price controls and/or rationing. However, black markets are currently present in any known economy.

Venous blood

2006-10-09T04:37:00.000-07:00

In the circulatory system, venous blood or peripheral blood is blood returning to the heart. With one exception this blood is deoxygenated and high in carbon dioxide, having released oxygen and absorbed CO2 in the tissues. It is also typically warmer than arterial blood, has a lower pH, has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients, and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products.

Venous blood can be obtained by venesection or phlebotomy, or in small quantities by fingerprick. Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gases.Venous blood is often depicted as blue in color in medical diagrams, and veins sometimes look blue when seen through the skin. However, venous blood is actually a dark red color, while arterial blood is bright red.

The appearance of veins as dark blue is a wavelength phenomenon of light, having to do with the reflection of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is 0.02in deep or more. This is due to the difference in color between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin; the red color ultimately originates from the iron atom in heme. If blood is drawn for a medical test, the dark red color can be seen; however, if it is exposed to oxygen in the air, it will turn bright red like arterial blood.

Marriage

2006-09-01T04:36:00.000-07:00

A marriage is a relationship between or among individuals, usually recognized by civil authority and/or bound by the religious beliefs of the participants. The fact that marriage often has the dual nature of a binding legal contract plus a moral promise, can make it difficult to characterize.In one form or another, marriage is found in virtually every society. The very oldest records that refer to it speak of it as an established custom. Despite attempts by anthropologists to trace its origin , evidence is lacking.

In Western societies, marriage has traditionally been understood as a monogamous union, while in other parts of the world polygamy has been a common form of marriage. Usually this has taken the form of polygyny but a very few societies have permitted polyandry . Precise definitions vary historically and between and within cultures: modern understanding emphasizes the legitimacy of sexual relations in marriage, yet the universal and unique attribute of marriage is the creation of affinal ties . Traditionally, societies encourage one to marry "out" far enough to strengthen the ties, but "close" enough so that the in-laws are "one of us" or "our kind".

Gerbera

2006-07-27T21:36:00.000-07:00

Gerbera L., is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber, a friend of Carolus Linnaeus. It has approximately 30 species in the wild; extend to South America, Africa, Madagascar, and tropical Asia. The first scientific description of a Gerbera was made by J.D. Hooker in Curtis Botanical Magazine in 1889 when he described Gerbera jamesonii, a South African species also known as Transvaal daisy or Barberton Daisy.

Gerbera species bear a large capitulum’s with striking, 2-lipped ray florets in yellow, orange, white, pink or red colors. The capitulum’s, which has the look of a single flower, is actually composed of hundreds of individual flowers. The morphology of the flowers varies depending on their position in the capitula. Gerbera is very popular and widely used as a decorative garden plant or as cut flowers. The domesticated cultivars are mostly a result of a cross between Gerbera jamesonii and another South African species Gerbera viridifolia.

Routing table

2006-07-14T00:49:00.000-07:00

Routing tables are used in computer networks to direct forwarding by matching destination addresses to the network paths used to reach them. The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols.In the simplest model, hop-by-hop routing, each routing table lists, for all reachable destinations, the address of the next device along the path to that destination; the next hop. Assuming that the routing tables are consistent, the simple algorithm of relaying packets to their destination's next hop thus suffices to deliver data anywhere in a network. In practice, hop-by-hop routing is being increasingly abandoned in favor of layered architectures such as MPLS, where a single routing table entry can effectively select the next several hops, resulting in reduced table lookups and improved performance.

The need to record routes to large numbers of devices using limited storage space represents a major challenge in routing table construction. Perhaps the fundamental assumptions of routing is that similar addresses are located near each other in the network, allowing groups of destination addresses to be matched by single routing table entries. The exact nature of how this grouping is done has changed over time and still represents an active area of networking research. In the Internet, the currently dominant address grouping technology is a bitwise prefix matching scheme called Classless Inter-Domain Routing.

Bacillus

2006-07-05T02:54:00.000-07:00

Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. Bacillus species are either obligate or facultative aerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase.Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera.

An easy way to isolate Bacillus is by placing non-sterile soil in a test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salts agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually large, spreading and irregularly-shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus appear as rods, and a substantial portion usually contain an oval endospore at one end, making it bulge.

Personal pronouns

2006-07-04T23:52:00.000-07:00

Personal pronouns are pronouns that refer to objects of a sentence, usually,people or animals. They are often used as substitutes for proper or common nouns.In English, it is usual to use personal pronouns when the context is already understood, or could easily be understood by reading the sentences that follow. For example, one does not normally use the word "he" to refer to somebody if the person reading or hearing the sentence does not know to whom you are referring.

In addition, personal pronouns must correspond to the correct gender and number of people or objects being described. Using the word "it" in English to refer to a person, for example, is usually considered extremely derogatory. It is generally not accepted to use a singular version of a pronoun for a plural noun, and vice versa.

Using agent

2006-07-02T22:23:00.000-07:00

When they first begin looking for a home, many buyers ask "can't we do this on our own? Do we really need to use a Real Estate Agent?" The answer is yes, you can do it on your own. There is no law that prevents you, as an individual, from buying property without professional Real Estate assistance. You can search for homes, arrange showings, and even negotiate on your own (although, in some localities, the actual contract for purchase will need to be drawn up by an Attorney). The real question may be "do we want to do it on our own?"There is a misconception among many first time home buyers that by using a Real Estate Agent, they will be subject to paying a commission. In virtually all situations, this is not the case. The commission for the sale of a home is paid for by the seller, not the buyer. If you went to your local appliance store and bought a new refrigerator, you wouldn't expect to pay a commission to the salesperson. The same applies when you buy a house--it is the seller of the item (in this case a house) that is responsible for paying to have it sold.