Hardware

Hardware is a general term that refers to the physical artifacts of a technology. It may also mean the physical components of a computer system.

Hardware historically meant the metal parts and fittings that were used to make wooden products stronger, more functional, longer lasting and easier to fabricate or assemble. In modern usage it includes equipment such as keys, locks, hinges, latches, corners, handles, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal. In the United States, this type of hardware has been traditionally sold in hardware stores, a term also used to a lesser extent in the UK.

In the electronics and especially computer industries, computer hardware specifically means the physical or tangible parts of the equipment, such as circuit boards, keyboards, monitors etc., in contrast to non-physical software running on the computer or other device.

In a more colloquial sense, hardware can refer to major items of military equipment, such as tanks, aircraft or ships.

Earth

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.

The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field

Shipping

Shipping is basic method of transporting goods and cargo. Virtually every product ever made, bought, or sold has been exaggerated by shipping. Despite the lots of variables in shipped products and locations, there are only three basic types of shipments, land, air, and sea.

Land or ground shipping can be either by train or by automobile. Trucking is easily the most accepted form of shipping. Even in Air and Sea shipments, ground transportation is still required to take the product from its origin to the airport or seaport and then to its purpose. Ground transportation is typically more affordable than air shipments, but more costly than shipping by sea. Trucks are also much quicker than ships and rail but slower than planes.

Ground shipping can be cheaper and less limiting to size, quantity, weight, and type of freight than by air transport. Air transport is usually held in reserve for products which must be sent within a shorter time frame. Shipping can more generally refer to the transport of freight, self-determining of the mode of transport.

Gear

A gear is a wheel with teeth around its circumference, the purpose of the teeth being to mesh with similar teeth on another mechanical device possibly another gear wheel so that force can be transmitted between the two strategies in a direction tangential to their surfaces. A non-toothed wheel can transmit some tangential force but will slip if the force is large; teeth put off slippage and permit the transmission of large forces.

A gear can mesh with any device having teeth friendly with the gear's teeth. Such devices include racks and other non-rotating policy; however, the most common condition is for a gear to be in mesh with another gear. In this case revolution of one of the gears necessarily causes the other gear to rotate. In this way, rotational motion can be transferred from one position to another. While gears are sometimes used simply for this reason to transmit rotation to another shaft perhaps their most significant feature is that, if the gears are of asymmetrical sizes, a mechanical advantage is also achieved, so that the rotational speed, and torque, of the second gear are dissimilar from that of the first. In this way, gears provide a means of increasing or decreasing a turning speed, or a torque.

Historical perspective

Based on the available evidence, scientists have reconstructed detailed information about the planet's past. Earth is estimated to have formed approximately 4.55 billion years ago out of the solar nebula, along with the Sun and other planets. The moon formed relatively soon afterwards.

Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgas sing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans. The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.

Continents formed, then broke up and re-formed as the surface of Earth reshaped itself over the course of hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a super continent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known super continent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.

Education

Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation. Education mean 'to draw out', are facilitating realization of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.

The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than doe’s formal schooling. Family members may have a profound educational effect often more profound than they realize though family teaching may function very informally.

Coconut

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many cooking and non-culinary uses, virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.The flowers of the coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the similar inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female plants producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid.

Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield, it therefore has important economic value. The name for the coconut palm in Sanskrit is kalpa vriksha, which translates as the tree which provides all the requirements of life. In Malay, the coconut is known as pokok seribu guna, the tree of a thousand uses. In the Philippines, the coconut is generally given the title Tree of Life. The white, fleshy part of the seed is safe to eat and used fresh or dried in cooking.

Ethanol

Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a combustible, colorless chemical complex, and is best known as the alcohol found in thermometers and alcoholic beverages. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol. It is a straight-chain alcohol and its molecular formula is variously represented as EtOH, CH3CH2OH, C2H5OH or as its experimental formula C2H6O.

After the use of fire, fermentation of sugar into ethanol is perhaps the initial organic reaction known to kindness, and the invigorating effects of ethanol expenditure have been known since ancient times. In modern times ethanol intended for industrial use has also been produced from byproducts of petroleum refining.

Ethanol has prevalent use as a solvent for substances intended for human contact or expenditure, including scents, flavorings, colourings, and medicines. In chemistry it is both an indispensable solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. Ethanol has a long history as a fuel, including as a fuel for internal incineration engines.

God

God most commonly refers to the divinity worshiped by followers of monotheistic and monolatrist religions, whom they believe to be the creator and boss of the universe.

Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the various conceptions of God. The most common among these include omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, omnibenevolence, divine simplicity, covetousness, and eternal and necessary subsistence. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Augustine of Hippo, Al-Ghazali, and Maimonides. Many notable medieval philosophers developed arguments for the subsistence of God, attempting to wrestle with the perceptible contradictions implied by many of these attributes. Philosophers have developed many arguments for and against the subsistence of God.

Eiffel Tower

The structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons. Depending on the ambient warmth the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal growth of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 in) in the wind.

The first and second levels are reachable by stairs and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to use the stairs which begin at that position. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only reachable by lift. Once you are on the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to climb or descend apart from of whether you have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level 15 more steps exist to ascend to the upper inspection platform. The step count is printed sporadically on the side of the stairs to give an suggestion of progress. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly lower than and around the tower except during brief stretches of the stairway that are enclosed.
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform exterior to an observer on the ground, three separate tones of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest tone on the bottom, and the lightest at the top. On occurrence the colour of the paint is changed — the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a ballot for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.

A diesel engine

In mechanical terms, the inside construction of a diesel engine is similar to its gasoline counterpart—components such as pistons, connecting rods and a crankshaft are current in both. Like a gasoline engine, a diesel engine may operate on a four-stroke cycle, or a two-stroke cycle, although with significant discrepancy to the gasoline comparable. In both cases, the principal differences lie in the handling of air and fuel, and the method of detonation.

A diesel engine relies upon density detonation to burn its fuel, instead of the spark plug used in a gasoline engine. If air is compressed to a high degree, its temperature will amplify to a point where fuel will burn upon contact. This principle is used in both four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines to produce power.

Unlike a gasoline engine, which draws an air/fuel mixture into the cylinder during the ingestion stroke, the diesel aspirates air alone. Following ingestion, the cylinder is sealed and the air charge is highly compressed to heat it to the temperature required for ignition. Whereas a gasoline engine's compression ratio is rarely greater than 11:1 to avoid damaging preignition, a diesel's compression ratio is usually between 16:1 and 25:1. This extremely high level of compression causes the air temperature to increase to 700 to 900 degrees Celsius. If a piece of steel were to be heated to that level it would glow cherry red.

As the piston approaches top dead center, coal oil is injected into the cylinder at high pressure, causing the fuel charge to be atomized. Remaining to the high air temperature in the cylinder, detonation instantly occurs, causing a rapid and considerable increase in cylinder temperature and pressure. The piston is driven downward with great force, pushing on the connecting rod and turning the crankshaft.

When the piston nears bottom dead center the spent ignition gases are excluded from the cylinder to prepare for the next cycle. In many cases, the exhaust gases will be used to drive a turbocharger, which will increase the volume of the intake air charge, resulting in cleaner ignition and greater competence.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living words and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of the playing company the Lord Chamberlain's Men, afterward known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable assumption about such matters as his sexuality, holy beliefs, and whether the works credited to him were written by others.

Shakespeare shaped most of his known work between 1590 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of erudition and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. Next he wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during his lifetime, and in 1623, two of his former affected colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.

Space Shuttle

NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States government's present manned launch vehicle. At launch, it consists of a rust-colored outer tank, two white, slender solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and a winged orbiter. The orbiter carries astronauts and payload such as satellites or space location parts into low earth orbit. Normally, five to seven astronauts ride in the orbiter, with two pilots, eight have been carried, and eleven could be accommodated in an urgent situation landing. When the orbiter's work is complete, it fires its orbital maneuvering thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. During the descent and landing, the shuttle orbiter acts as a glider and makes a completely unpowered landing. Five spaceworthy orbiters were build, of which three remain.

The Shuttle is the first orbital spacecraft considered for partial reusability. It carries large payloads to various orbits, provides crew rotary motion for the International Space Station (ISS), and performs servicing missions. The orbiter can also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth, but this capability has not been used often. However, it has been used to return large payloads from the ISS to Earth, as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft has limited capacity for return payloads. Each Shuttle was designed for a expected lifespan of 100 launches or 10 years' operational life.